Ethereum successfully transferred itself from Proof of Work to Proof of Stake on 15 September thanks to the event called The Merge. Much as the event was anticipated, the changes it brings to the use case of Ethereum are not much. However, according to Ethereum’s roadmap, there is more to come. The Surge is what comes next.<h2>What is The Surge?</h2>The Surge refers to Ethereum's incorporation of mechanisms that will make the ecosystem more scalable by allowing the creation of layer 2 (companion) product lines such as sharding and rollups, making it easier for users to operate on the Ethereum network.<h2>Ethereum sharding</h2><img src="https://cdn.builder.news/news/11ed3a55b840e98aa8e6023f659fee92.jpg" alt="Ethereum sharding" title="Ethereum sharding" width="600" height="240" class="lykafe0">Ethereum sharding. Source: OrtisBy scaling applications horizontally, a computer science concept called sharding makes it possible for applications to support more data. Each user would only be required to store a fraction of the database update instead of the entire transaction if sharding were installed on Ethereum.At Danksharding, there is a lot of interest in a future after <a href="https://www.builder.news/crypto-insights/the-merge-a-pivotal-event-for-ethereum" alt="The Merge: A pivotal event for Ethereum" title="The Merge: A pivotal event for Ethereum" target="_blank" rel="" class="">the Merge</a>. Regardless of the fact that Buterin did not discuss the idea in Paris, Ethereum enthusiasts have turned to this prototype as a method for making Ethereum more scalable.The same idea of sharding the network is used in danksharding, but instead of using the shards to increase the number of transactions, it uses them to increase the space for groups of data. Because of this, Ethereum can handle larger amounts of data.Even though coverage from Paris has started to draw attention to Ethereum's sharding research, the idea has existed since the cryptocurrency's launch in 2013. It is anticipated that the implementation will start in 2023.<h3>Danksharding mechanism</h3>In contrast to traditional sharding, which has different blocks and block proposers for each shard, danksharding has just one proposer. It is a sharding system that uses the idea of a merged market fee. The decisions regarding which transactions and data should be included in each block slot are made by the block builders.Danksharding uses "data availability sampling," a method that lets Ethereum nodes validate enormous amounts of data by selecting just a few of its instances to sample. In essence, it enables Ethereum to process larger volumes of data than it previously could.A paradigm change that is remarkably more profound than the simple switch from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake will be brought about by The Surge. Adopting a modular infrastructure strategy could bring about a new kind of stakeholder: the block builders.Ethereum miners are in charge of building and validating network blocks under the current PoW system. The precise sequence in which these miners validate each transaction is ultimately up to them. You can gain profit from on-chain operations by controlling the transaction flow; this is a valuable position to occupy. The amount mined is referred to as the <a href="https://www.builder.news/crypto-insights/mev-maximal-extractable-value-Jw7sG" alt="MEV (Maximal Extractable Value): How miners and third parties exploit the networks" title="MEV (Maximal Extractable Value): How miners and third parties exploit the networks" target="_blank" rel="" class="">Maximum Extractable Value (MEV)</a>.Look at this, for instance:ETH is a significant currency and is accepted everywhere in the crypto world. Let's compare it to things like ordering pizza, paying for a game or train ticket, paying a restaurant bill, etc.You place an order for groceries from a smart contract on an open market, When a small neighborhood business notices your order, it can give you the best deal, which includes bicycle delivery. However, a major corporation paid the winner of the MEV auction to remove all food purchases aside from their own. They don't even have to compete on price. You would spend too much on your purchases, and the neighborhood store would fail. This is one problem with MEV.MEV originally stood for "Miner Extractable Value," but this moniker would not have been appropriate after The Merge when miners will no longer be needed. Validators will instead be primarily responsible for securing the chain.The proposer will select the highest bidder after block builders submit a request to specify what goes into each slot (to ultimately create a block). A builder is in charge of handling the entire block once they are given a slot.The primary goal of this design, according to the Ethereum team, is to reduce the two unfair constraints that miners currently impose, namely the Maximum Extractable Value (MEV.)<ul><li>First, by favoring their own transactions or those of companions, block proposers may display unfair preference.&nbsp;</li><li>Second, block proposers have the option to manually choose transactions with the highest offer, leaving the majority of other transactions in the mempool for several hours or even days.</li></ul>But with danksharding, the builder's submitted reorganized list of transactions is hidden from view. As a result, the miners or proposers have less power.<h2>Ethereum rolls up</h2><img src="https://cdn.builder.news/news/11ed3a55b840ef78a8e6023f659fee92.jpg" alt="Rollups mechanism" title="Rollups mechanism" width="600" height="234" class="lykafe1">Rollups mechanism. Source: GFR blockchainSimply put, rollups group transactions that aren't part of the main Ethereum blockchain and send the data back to the main Ethereum network for processing, updating accounts, and finalization.Looking at the other side, we have layer 2 solutions like State Channels that are completely secure by Ethereum security but only function well for a particular set of apps. What's more? We have sidechains that run concurrently with Ethereum and are typically EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) interoperable and can scale multi-purpose applications. However, they are not reliant on Ethereum for security but rather use their own consensus model.Rollups create a general-purpose solution based on Ethereum's security in an effort to combine the best features of both. Rollups resolve transactions beyond the main Ethereum network, but they deliver and finalize transaction information to the Ethereum network, relying on the Ethereum protocol for security.On the Ethereum mainnet, separate contracts for each roll-up have been launched. Rollups perform the transaction processing off-chain, primarily on a rollup-specific chain, before batching, compressing, and transferring the transaction data to the main Ethereum chain, thereby reducing the burden on the main Ethereum network. Increasing participation helps lower blockchain fees and increase adoption. Rollups also enable the minimal or no-change redeployment of all current Ethereum smart contracts.&gt;&gt; Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.builder.news/crypto-insights/optimistic-rollups-zkrollups-EzsWo" alt="Optimistic Rollups versus ZK-Rollups - What is more optimal for Layer 2?" title="Optimistic Rollups versus ZK-Rollups - What is more optimal for Layer 2?" target="_blank" rel="" class="">Optimistic Rollups versus ZK-Rollups - What is more optimal for Layer 2?</a><h2>What comes after The Surge?</h2><h3>The verge</h3>In essence, The Verge marks a change from Merkle trees to Verkle trees. A commitment mechanism called a Verkle tree has fewer witnesses than a Merkle tree.A "witness" is a piece of information that helps to validate a statement in math and cryptography. As an illustration, take a value y, a one-way hashing function HASH(), and a witness x. Evaluating the right side and contrasting it with the left is all that is required to determine whether the statement y = HASH(x) is true. The witness in this scenario is x, and the verification function in question is HASH().The term "witness" has a more defined meaning in the context of Ethereum. It usually refers to parts of a Merkle (or other) tree that let us know whether a specific value is present. Instead of storing all raw data in a block, witnesses are typically used to verify that a transaction is contained in a block, saving money on expensive blockchain storage space. Because of this, a smaller size is preferred.It works by substituting a vector commitment for the hashes in a Merkle tree, which increases the effectiveness of branching factors with broader branches.Consider databases that store all of the data for the Ethereum blockchain in Merkle trees and Verkle trees (one tree per block). The Ethereum blockchain is already very large and keeps getting bigger every day.The Verge implementation shall shrink the node. As a result, validation ought to become more scalable, quick, and simple to set up, which might aid in further decentralizing the network.<h3>The Purge and The Splurge</h3>You can unwind because, unlike in the movies, nobody is being killed. The records and technical debt on Ethereum are what is dying.Because of the Purge, not every node is required to keep all previous blocks in storage indefinitely. Clients will instead stop storing history older than a year. This suggests that both the network's bandwidth and the hardware specifications for nodes will decrease.The Purge aims to "purge" redundant historical data from existence. Reducing the volume of historical information will improve validators' efficiency in validating the blockchain under the new PoS consensus technique.As a result, network congestion should be decreased and the blockchain should be able to process many more transactions. By the end of this phase, Ethereum will be able to process 100,000 TPS, according to Vitalik Buterin.When all of the earlier phases have merged, Buterin has said that the fun stuff, or the Splurge, will begin. It makes an effort to ensure that the network keeps running smoothly and that the protocol upgrades are discussed in the sections before having no negative effects.As with all technological advances, there will be challenges on the way to this final level in the distant future. The Ethereum network should enter a well-earned festive phase when the Splurge finally occurs, assuming everything goes as planned and the Merge has taken much longer than expected.<div class="pr-block-special">Disclaimer: This article is intended for and only to be used for reference purposes only. No such information provided constitutes advice or a recommendation that any investment or trading strategy is suitable for any specific name.</div>

Ethereum successfully transferred itself to Proof of Stake on with The Merge. According to Ethereum’s roadmap, The Surge is what comes next.

The Surge: Ethereum Scalability Booster